Dealing with Substance Abuse in Mentally Ill Patients

Dealing with Substance Ab intention in Mentally rickety PatientsAlizah Al-amanIn a course of time the brain has developed in a way to ensure our survival. This survival system incorporates brains uncommon reward system liable for satisfying persons essential desires (Horvath, n.d.). Unfortunately, eye use is operated within these reward systems that engages an indivithreefold in addictive activities. agree to Edward (2000) substance use is the hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcoholic beverage and illicit drugs. It is the dep abateency that deteriorates individuals physical and psychical health. Consistent with the continuum of chemically mediated responses, substance use is a maladaptive coping manifested by frequent use and dependence of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs (APA 2000, p. 198 Stuart, 2009). WHO reported that globally 3.86 billion people are complex in substance abuse in which US has the utmost prevalence whereas in Pakistan it is prevalent am ong 6.4 million people (Stuart, 2009).If substance use co-occurs with any mental illness its regarded as dual diagnosis. Literature proposes that roughly 50% of the people with psychiatric problems also suffer from substance abuse disorders (chrome et al., 2009). In UK lead quarters of drug and 85% of alcohol service users have mood and anxiety disorders (NIDA, 2007). Its a dilemma that which problem occurred first. However set up factors analogous loneliness, family disturbances, psychological illness, illiteracy trigger substance use in psychiatric clients (Donald Gail, 2009). In my view to resolve the misery of such pain and mental illness people engage in substance abuse which grants them pleasure as highlighted in the below mentioned scenario.On my clinical rotation at C0 ward in AKUH, I encountered a middle aged patient with the dual diagnosis of depression and drug abuse. He was a chain smoker since 30 eld and recently had angioplasty. According to the patient he develop ed gastric ulcers 5 years back for which a local physician prescribed him Inj. Nubain. He wasnt conversant that the drug should be used till certain time as associated with the risk of addiction. Patient continued taking that music and developed addiction. The medication not only littleened his pain but made him calm and relieved during his depressive episodes. After angioplasty he was constrained for not using that drug which results screaming(prenominal) craving. Patient became unmanageable and restless. Then he was admitted in C0 ward but intense craving made his situation worst resulting in tremors, sweating, insomnia, hypertension and mydriasis. When I visited that patient, he verbalized I need drug, am very restless, this craving will end my life so to reroute his mind and lessen his paroxysm, I on with OT members planned to engage that patient in different activities. We taught him some coping strategies and there was a mild change observed in his performance and break after psychotherapy and cooping.Glancing the social context in light of scenario, substance abuse is judged as bad deed because it violets societal norms and values by precipitating ferocious acts, poverty, family disturbances etc. In the above case unmanageable behavior lead the admission of the client in ward. In contrast some communities exemplify acceptability too. furthermore Canadian mental health association (2006) and Steve Susan (2003) proposed the comparable fact that patients with dual diagnosis can provoke violence and peace less situation in a community by sevenfold as well as for those who are caring or living with them. notwithstanding substance use is 65% prevalent in mid adulthood and my patients age was in same age group which predisposed him towards this (Stuart, 2009).Furthermore religion exhibits a fundamental role in an individuals life. In Islam alcohol is forbidden thats why researches highlighted less incidence of alcohol abuse in Muslim society whereas higher incidence in western world (Haider Chaudhry, 2008, p.82). Beside this in Pakistan opioids and marijuana is predominantly abused (UNODC, 2013). Opioid use originally grants relieve in mental illness but its withdrawal encompasses acute depression, chronic craving, tremors, sleep problems, high BP and dilated pupils as evident in my clients case (Stuart, 2009). what is more marijuana also serves as a source for decreasing negative symptoms in schizophrenic clients however in response it exacerbates their suffering (Archives of General Psychiatry, 2011). Survey conducted in Pakistan summarized that 53.6% of the adults smoke shisha (Sameer et al, 2012 Khan, 2010). This percentage illustrates the acceptability of tobacco and shisha in eastern world that results psychosis in individuals already predisposed for developing it (Archives of General Psychiatry, 2011). Bhang use is also predominately practiced in Indian festivities that generate euphoric and hallucinating effects as e ncompasses psychotomimetic substances (Thacore, 1977).In Western world and Roman Catholics drug abuse is more socially acceptable in females but referred unmasculine in males whereas the consumption of alcohol is considered masculine (Donald Gail, 2009). In US the extreme alcohol use is the 3rd leading cause of death and it also precipitates mental illness by triggering depression, euphoria, mood disorders. Its unavailability would end up leading general depressant withdrawal syndrome. Furthermore 43% of people in US are tobacco abuser however roll of tobacco opium is marked deviant (Donald Gail, 2009). Tobacco smoke is twice more common in depressive clients while thrice in schizophrenic patients. Besides granting pleasure it amplifies the chances of lag in psychiatric patients (Ash, 2013). So while assessing the client with dual diagnosis HCWs should take these sociocultural aspects in consideration.When my client tried to drop the addiction, he felt intense craving. Craving is evidently depicted in the light of neuroadaptive model as prolonged use of drugs induces specific alterations in the brain carrell or neurotransmitters which regulate neural drives and grant pleasure. During abstinence neuroadaption consequences in imbalance in brain function which results craving and this craving is accountable for relapse in individuals (Eliason et al., 2007).Interventions for such clients could be executed within individual, institutional and community level. In my patient therapeutic interaction assisted me to perform MSE effectively. Dealing with craving was intriguing nevertheless I taught him some coping techniques, mind diversional exercises. In addition the intervention that can be carried out is drug testing and if the patient has dreadful withdrawal history so referral can be made to detoxification program (Stuart, 2009). Furthermore the nurse should develop awareness about the state and feelings of substance abuser in order to eradicate biasness in caring. Assessment of withdrawal symptoms should be carried out every shift.On institutional level integrated treatment for dual diagnosis verified as evidence based practice (Stuart, 2009). My client was treated simultaneously for both depression and substance abuse. Moreover medicines should be administered to alleviate craving as Methadone was been administered to my patient for plummeting his craving. Moreover individual counseling and CBT prove as a constructive approach for clients refilling and relapse prevention. Since 2000 AAS is also working for the rehabilitation of substance abusers using the same treatment methodologies such as psychotherapy and drug toxification Besides AAS there should be more rehabilitation centers in those areas where substance abuse is more prevalent in order to restore mental health.Community level interventions would embraces the conduction of develop base awareness programs and workshops for eradicating the risk of substance abuse from initi al ages and making individuals realize that substance use is not the accurate coping for alleviating mental illness. exploitation religious and social norms would converse an obvious message for drug avoidance in mentally ill clients to whom religion serves as a protective factor. Moreover campaign against substance use on national level would present as example for people in recognizing the harmful effects of it (Reno et al., 2000). Implementation of strict Governmental policies and legislation on consumption and sale of alcohol and illicit drugs can help in reducing the occurrence of dual diagnosis. Detoxification and methadone charge programs can be arranged in communities with the assistance of governmental authorities (Stuart, 2009 Reno et al., 2000).In conclusion, substance abuse can co-occur with mentally illness which shock an individuals life dreadfully. To get rid of this is difficult but not impractical. Diverse prevention strategies and early detection would assist its control and management. Moreover strong motivation from family, health care providers and especially self can immensely facilitate the individual to cope up and live a better life (Harrison, 2006).

Analysis of A Passage to India by E. M. Forster :: passage india forster essays papers

Analysis of A overtaking to India by ForsterForsters novel A Passage to India portrays a colonial India under British rule, before its liberation. For conveniences sake, Western civilization has created an Other as counterpart to itself, and a set of characteristics to go with it. An us versus them locating is exemplified in Forsters representation of The Other. Separation of the British and the Indian exists along cultural lines, specifically religious/spiritual differences. Savage or ungodly cultures were to be assimilated into or at the least governed by Christians, and converted. The separation between the English and the Indian occurs when the Christian assumes the Indians are an ungodly people, in need of spiritual salvation, a rush along below their own, and entirely unlike them. This was demonstrated historically by the dominance of supposedly inferior races by the Christians (English). Forsters Indians have a seemingly rugged outwards appearance. They are a godless peopl e insomuchas they do non believe in the Christian GOD, even though there are two religions, Hinduism and Muslimism, which thrive in India. This division of Indias religions, as opposed to Englands presumably unifying religion, separates England from India even moreso. Because the Indians do not believe in the Christian GOD, they are unrecognized as spiritual. Religion shapes, if not embodies characterization. The British are British because of their religion, i.e. Ronny Heaslop is who he is because he is a white Christian British male. How he is outwardly polished is a construct of his Christian upbringing. Ronny approved of religion as long as it endorsed the National Anthem of England. (p. 65) His purpose, as was the purpose of English colonialists, was constructed by his Christian beliefs. If Ronny were not English (and for this papers purposes, English is specifically and continually linked with Christianity) he would not exist as a character. He is almost a caricature of wha t is English, and is be wholly by the standards and beliefs of that culture. In contrast, Aziz would not exists if he were not Indian, representing wholly the standards and beliefs of that culture. Forster implies that the division, the Other, is what makes an individual who they are. Spirituality is integral to that existence.The Indian people are further delineated in the Englishs eyes by the description of India itself. The city, presumably a mark of civilization, is a rotting, festering thing that no English colonialist would consider urbane

Starbucks Business Ethics Case Analysis Essay -- Business Ethics

Starbucks Business Ethics Case AnalysisINTRO good issues in business are a common placed every day occurrence that will never cease to exist. We will discuss an estimable issue that involves a large American corporation and its practices when dealing with suppliers of produce that is essential but not solely used by this business. We will play several point of views backed by literary findings that suggest ethical practices may or may not be at hand. BODY Mr. Donald states that integrity of the main lasts of Starbucks is to expose the world to the coffee production/industry in Africa by showcasing African coffee name brands. However, there is evidence that points to the real goal that goal, simply put, is greed. The article Starbucks Seeks The Right Blend of Global Ambition And Ethical Trade, written by Robin Pagnamenta, of the Times Online, in my opinion would be a goal oriented based theory. Last year the American chain operated 12,800 stores globally and earned 6.4 billion dollars in revenues. Further, Mr. Donald plans to open a native of 40,000 Starbucks stores, 50 percent of them outside of the United States. We open six natural stores every day, says Donald. We opened our first in Brazil last week. capital of Egypt opens next week, he continues. Incidentally, Donald was paid $2.7 million last year, a former chief executive of Americas Path mark supermarket chain a distant cry from the salary he earned at that level.Manifested Ground Rules Every thriving company must embrace some sort of code of moral philosophy ground rules which will guarantee its success. In this case, Starbucks wants to promote high standards of practice by selling the richest and aromatic coffees in the world to the ... ...m of discrimination and promote extend to opportunity in all sectors of Starbucks business transactions. We will set down with leadership and emphasize the importance of honesty, integrity and the reason it flows so diligently with this corporation. Our company doesnt subscribe to dishonest practices, such as corruption or fraudulent business dealings. We must hold our selves to the same standards that we hold our employees. Understand that motley in all aspects of our companys daily ventures creates a worldly image and increases ability to fulfill our goal of opening 40000 Starbucks with half being outside the US. CONCLUSIONWith a council in place and clear ethical guidelines established, we are sure that Starbucks will reconsider its current position on coffee trademarks and make way for new and improved trade between us and the whole world.

Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay -- Stevenson Je

Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeThe novella Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde was written by Robert LouisStevenson in the straightlaced era. The book was maiden published in 1886in England and it brought high success to the author. The finalchapter of the novella which is Henry Jekylls Full Statement Of TheCase explores the ways that the author presents blue(a) attitudesto the nature of humans. Stevenson explains to the reader that humans perplex lots of different sides to each other and not just one. He alsoexplains how duplicitous humans be.I stood already committed to a profound duplicity of flavour Pg69The text was written in the Victorian era which was around the 1800s.In those days the Victorian culture was very different to todaysculture. They had strict moral codes to live under as middle classpeople. They argued that as Victorian set they should look afterthemselves and their family first and also they should not rely onoutside help. Another Victorian value expected of them was to live alife without any sin. Even though the cultural context influencespeople, not every Victorian person obeyed the values outside thepublic. The Victorian people had paradoxical views because they wouldgo out drinking and also the porn industry was famous out side publiclife. Beliefs in religion were having a turn point because of the launching of science in to the Victorian era. Victorians wereexpected to live a life of Puritanism.The main characters in this text are Dr Jekyll, Mr Hyde, Mr Uttersonand Mr Enfield, Dr Lanyon and Poole the howeverler. Mr Utterson and MrEnfield are both Victorian lawyers who are well respected from otherpeople.those who encountered them in th... ...orals are stillrelevant today because humans in todays society all have a good andevil side in them like Dr Jekyll did. The nurture of all humans isalways different because one day you can be good and the other day youcan be full of evil. In my opinion our upbringing doesnt mean we willbe like that because what we short-change form outside can influence ourpersonality too. In Dr Jekylls case he was brought up to be aVictorian gentleman but he didnt like the life of a Victoriangentleman as it was boring to him. So the change into Hyde that he hadwas his type of life as he got to do what he wanted to. Drugs intodays society are the same as Victorian time but it is unremarkablyknown to the public. Where as in Victorian days it was illegal to takedrugs. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has a social moral to it which tellsthe reader how to behave in a society.

Candlelight Dreams :: essays research papers

My older friend next door once told me that if I shut my eyes and blew on a candle, all of my wishes would come true... I used to believe her and go around the house candle hunting. How my parents must have laughed to see me scrambling around the furniture, picking up the candles around the room , and blowing the little flame out until my cheeks hurt.I made the most outrageous wishes. I wished to own a monkey, a horse, and a dragon I wished to grow-up and be just like sailor Moon. And, of course, I wished for a thousand more wishes so I would never run out.I always believed my wishes would come true. When they didnt, I ran next door and demanded and explanation. She laughed and said I just hadnt done it right. Hadnt done it right?, I would say. thus how should I do it? It only works if you do it a certain way, she told me with a little smile, but youll have to figure that out by yourself. I watched her with wide, admiring eyes and thought she must be right. She was ten years olde r than me and knew the ways of the world nothing she said could be wrong. I went back and time-tested again.Time passed, and I grew older. My perfect friend started spending less and less time with me.got busier and busier. Distressed by the scant attention I received from her, I spent most of my time staring out the window. I wondered what she was doing, where she was, and if she was having fun. Occasionally, I would wander around the home, blowing out a few candles, wishing for my friend to be how she used to be. Each time I hoped desperately that I had done it the right way and that the wish would come true. But it never happened.After a while, I gave upnot only on my friendbut on the candles as well. Distress had turned into anger and then to rejection of my friend and all thing she had told me. The old dreamer within me vanished and was replaced by a harsh teenage cynic who told me over and over that I should have known mitigate than to believe in free wishes. It chided me f or my past belief in dragons and laughed at the thought of my growing up to be a five foot ten, make-believe, Sailor Moon.

Crohns Disease Essay examples -- Health, Chronic Inflammation

When someone first finds out they have Crohns illness, they entrust probably receive overwhelmed. There are so many questions. Will I be able to work, travel and exercise? Should I be on a peculiar(prenominal) diet? Could my medications have side effects? How will Crohns disease change my life? The better informed they can become, the more(prenominal) equipped they will be to be an active member in your healthcare (Crohns & colitis Foundation of America, 2009).Crohns disease is a chronic disorder of the digestive system. I can affect any area of the gastrointestinal system from the mouth to the anus. Its inflammatory process may spread to include skin, eyes, joints, mouth and sometimes the liver (Chang, 2008). Males and females appear to be affected proportionately. Crohns disease can occur in people of any age, but it is mostly a disease of adolescents and young adults. However, Crohns disease may occur in people over 70 years old and in young children (Crohns & Colitis Founda tion of America, 2009). Crohns disease appears to be caused by a dysfunctional inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract (U. S. News, 2009). rubor is the bodys natural way to heal by sending immune cells to the site of the injury or invader. Researchers think that this immune system response may be triggered by bacteria or viruses, material in the intestinal contents, or a defective signal from the bodys own cells, called an autoimmune response. Inflammation results in pain, h squander, redness, and swelling of the tissue. Chronic inflammation can harm the function of tissues and organs (U.S. News, 2009). Crohns disease also appears to affect certain ethnic groups more than others. American Jews of European descent are four to five times more likely to de... ...rica, 2009).Florida Gator P/ David Lerner was just recently diagnosed with Crohns disease. He was ready to start practice season when he was diagnosed. Lerner was about to become the starting punter for the Gators and he thought this would probably derail him. After live treatment the disease was under control, but not gone. He was able to start for the team, and earn a scholarship. Lerner states, Maybe I cant eat a couple of things here and there that I want to eat, but at the end of the day, its really not the worst thing in the world(Washington Post, 2011).People with Crohns disease accept their condition differently. Each person with the disease moldiness adjust in their own way, but they must adjust. Even though there is no cure at this time, research is ongoing and promises to improve the health and quality of life for those with Crohns disease.

Is it Literature? Essay -- Writing Storytelling Language Essays

Is it Literature?When most people consider how to tell a story, they think in terms of plot and character. While these are frequently the most visible aspects of a story, there is an underlying knowledgeability of principles that support a well-told story. These principles could be compared to a house foundation. Without a solid foundation, the other cause of the house, its character and design, cannot be fully enjoyed. In the same fashion, the principles of storytelling are also mostly out of sight, but the effect of badly laid story foundation has effects only when as damaging as a badly constructed housefoundation. The purpose of this essay is to lay out the principles, that well-constructed writings will contain, in a manner that they can be considered individually. The principles can also be understood as a unified piece of rationalism that offers an overview of what well constructed literature consists of, and how it is written. Understanding these principles should be abl e to help a reader to distinguish between well-constructed literature and what tries to pass as literature. Literature is a world where each character, every action, every element has meaning and purpose. This is what makes literature fundamentally different from life. Life offers facts that dont necessarily pick out a clear purpose, meaning or conclusion take downts that generate emotional states that have no clear purpose or fulfillment or events that captivate the senses, but not in a meaningful, dramatic, or fulfilling way. Real life, then, can be chaotic, or appear to lack a desirable purpose and meaning. For example, we dont marry the love of our life... or we do, and then things can go terribly wrong. Or the one we love is taken from us by a freak accident. Or we work hard but dont get the rewards we desire. redden worse, the rewards may go to someone who appears to be completely undeserving of the reward and honour weve worked to attain. So real life can be painful, un predictable, or even wildly rewarding, but in spite of our best-laid plans or efforts, we can never clearly predict the outcome of any action or actions. Most people, then, have a need for something that gives meaning and purpose to the events of life. This is what literature will do. However, the beautiful thing about literature is that it may do this, or it may do the exact opposite. It may leave issues or c... ...grew up there. We can readily internalise this story because it is about the universal human experience of self-realization. The plot, the movement of the story, is just a means to this end. Well-constructed literature, then, can be analysed by understanding these principles of storytelling. By exposing the reasons why we desire stories, and how well-constructed literature can meet these needs that we bring to it, I sought to reveal what well-constructed literature will contain and how to identify it. During the colloquies, I struggled with a definition of good literatu re. However, I came to the conclusion that well-constructed literature is not necessarily good literature, and vice versa. So, instead of trying to conclude what good literature is, I decided to tackle the idea of what well- constructed literature is. It is important to remain aware of the fact that good literature is many things to many people. Different people will try to reach a different type of fulfillment. In my opinion, it is insurmountable to judge or define good literature, one may only attempt to judge or define what well-constructed literature is, as I swear to have done here, in this essay, for you.